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hola	hello — Works at any time of day and in any register; the h is silent, so it sounds like 'ola'.
bienvenido	welcome — Agrees with the person welcomed: bienvenida to a woman, bienvenidos to a group. English 'welcome' is invariant.
el abecedario	the alphabet
a, e, i, o, u	the five vowels (one clear sound each) — Each vowel is one short, pure sound that never glides; resist the English habit of turning e into 'ey' and o into 'ow'.
la ñ — mañana	the "ñ" — as in mañana (morning/tomorrow)
la rr — perro	the rolled "rr" — as in perro (dog) — The trilled rr is a distinct sound from the single-tap r: perro (dog) vs pero (but). English has neither the tap nor the trill.
café tiene acento	café has an accent (the stressed syllable) — The written accent only marks which syllable is stressed; it does not change the vowel's quality the way English stress can.
buenos días / buenas tardes / buenas noches	good morning / afternoon / evening — Always plural — never singular 'buen día'. Note días is masculine despite the -a ending, hence buenos not buenas.
adiós — chao	goodbye — bye (casual, from Kike) — chao is casual 'bye' among friends; adiós is the neutral farewell that also works in formal settings.
por favor · gracias · de nada · perdón	please · thank you · you're welcome · sorry/excuse me — de nada ('it's nothing') is the fixed reply to gracias; English 'you're welcome' has no literal equivalent here.
hasta luego	see you later
me llamo Teo — ¿y tú?	my name is Teo — and you? — me llamo is reflexive ('I call myself'); the me is obligatory — 'llamo Teo' alone is wrong.
¿cómo te llamas?	what's your name? — Literally 'how do you call yourself?' — use cómo, not qué; do not render 'what is your name' as ¿qué es tu nombre?
¿quién es? — se llama Kike	who's that? — his name is Kike — se llama = 'he/she calls himself/herself' — the same reflexive verb in the third person, not 'él es Kike' for giving a name.
yo soy Teo	I'm Teo
mi número es… cero, uno, dos, tres…	my number is… zero, one, two, three…
buenos días, me llamo Teo	good morning, my name is Teo
me llamo Rosa, mucho gusto	my name is Rosa, nice to meet you — mucho gusto ('pleased to meet you') is an invariant set phrase — it does not change for men or women.
uno, dos, tres… gracias	one, two, three… thank you
¿de dónde eres?	where are you from? (tú) — eres is the tú form; to a stranger switch to ¿de dónde es usted? dónde carries a written accent in questions.
soy de México — soy mexicano	I'm from Mexico — I'm Mexican — No article with nationality (not 'soy un mexicano'), lowercase mexicano, and it agrees in gender — a woman says mexicana.
¿de dónde es usted?	where are you from? (usted, Sra. Ortega)
ella es de Colombia	she's from Colombia
no soy de aquí	I'm not from here — Negation is just no placed before the verb — there is no auxiliary like English 'do not'.
¿qué es esto?	what is this?
es un libro / es una mesa	it's a book / it's a table — The article marks gender — un/el for libro, una/la for mesa; there's no audible rule, so gender is memorized with the noun.
el libro es rojo	the book is red — Colour comes after the noun (libro rojo, not 'rojo libro') and agrees: la silla roja, las llaves rojas.
este lápiz, esta silla	this pencil, this chair (pointing) — este/esta agree with the noun's gender; esto (neuter) is only for pointing at an unidentified thing, as in ¿qué es esto?
son los libros / son las llaves	they're the books / they're the keys
mi mamá, mi papá, mi hermano	my mum, my dad, my brother
¿quién es? — es mi abuela	who is it? — it's my grandma (pointing at a photo)
tengo dos hermanos	I have two brothers (possession + plural) — hermanos (masculine plural) covers a mixed group of siblings or just brothers; no article after the number.
tengo siete años	I'm seven years old (age) — Age is 'to have years' — tener, never ser or estar; 'soy siete años' is the classic English-speaker error.
en mi casa hay una cocina	in my house there is a kitchen
¿tienes hermanos?	do you have brothers/siblings?
¿y tu familia?	and your family? (possessive tu) — Possessive tu (no accent) = 'your'; don't confuse it with tú (with accent) = 'you'.
¿y tu hermano? ¿cuántos años tiene?	and your brother? how old is he?
buenos días, ¿cómo está usted?	good morning, how are you? (usted) — With usted the verb is third-person (está), even though it means 'you'; the casual equivalent is ¿cómo estás?
estoy muy bien, gracias — ¿y usted?	I'm very well, thank you — and you?
estoy cansado / estoy mal	I'm tired / I'm not well — Temporary states use estar, not ser; 'soy cansado' wrongly implies a permanent characteristic. A woman says cansada.
¿su nombre, por favor?	your name, please? (usted; su = your, formal) — su is the formal 'your' (with usted); the casual equivalent would be tu nombre.
mi nombre es Teo Ruiz — mucho gusto	my name is Teo Ruiz — nice to meet you
encantado	pleased to meet you
esta es mi mamá — es de Perú	this is my mum — she's from Peru (ser) — ser for identity and origin — who someone is and where they're from.
mi mamá está en la cocina	my mum is in the kitchen (estar, location) — estar for location — where someone or something physically is; never ser here.
el cuaderno es verde	the notebook is green — Colour is an inherent trait, so it takes ser: es verde, not está verde.
en mi cuarto hay tres libros	in my room there are three books
¿dónde está el café? — está en la plaza	where is the café? — it's on the plaza — Location always uses estar, not ser; ¿dónde? takes a written accent in a question.
quiero un café, por favor	I'd like a coffee, please — quiero ('I want') plus por favor is normal and polite in Spanish; don't over-soften it the way English requires.
un agua / un jugo, por favor	a water / a juice, please — agua is feminine but takes un/el because of its stressed initial a-sound (un agua, el agua); the plural returns to las aguas.
esto, por favor	this one, please (pointing)
¿algo más? — no, gracias	anything else? — no, thank you
¿qué desea, señor? — ¿y tú, Teo, qué quieres?	(usted) what would you like, sir? — (tú) and you, Teo, what do you want? (the usted→tú switch)
¿cuánto cuesta?	how much is it? — No auxiliary verb — cuesta alone means 'does it cost'; don't try to translate the English 'does'.
cuesta veinte pesos	it costs twenty pesos
quiero un kilo de manzanas	I want a kilo of apples — 'of' is de and is obligatory: un kilo de manzanas, medio kilo de tomates.
medio kilo, por favor	half a kilo, please
este, no ese — unos tomates	this one, not that one — some tomatoes — este = this (near me), ese = that (near you); unos/unas = 'some', for rough quantities.
son cincuenta pesos en total	that's fifty pesos in total (price arithmetic)
me gusta el café	I like coffee — Literally 'coffee pleases me'; the liked thing is the subject, so never 'yo gusto'. Keep the article: el café.
me gustan los tacos	I like tacos (plural chunk) — A plural liked thing triggers gustan (not gusta) — the verb agrees with what is liked, not with the person.
me gusta bailar	I like to dance (+ infinitive) — With an activity, use the infinitive and singular gusta: me gusta bailar, not 'me gusta bailando'.
no me gusta el lunes	I don't like Monday — el lunes = 'Monday/on Monday'; los lunes = 'every Monday'. Days of the week are lowercase in Spanish.
¿te gusta el fútbol?	do you like football?
¿qué tal? / ¿qué onda?	how's it going? / what's up? — Both are casual 'how's it going?'; ¿qué onda? is regional slang (Mexico) — keep it for friends, not for Sra. Ortega.
¿qué haces?	what are you doing? — Simple present already covers English's 'are doing' — ¿qué haces? = 'what are you doing right now?'; no progressive needed.
todo bien, ¿y tú?	all good, and you?
¡órale! / ¡qué chévere!	whoa! / how cool! (interjections)
nos vemos — chao	see you — bye — chao is an informal 'bye'; the neutral farewell that works everywhere is adiós or hasta luego.
¿cuánto cuesta un kilo? — cuesta treinta pesos	how much is a kilo? — thirty pesos (market)
quiero un café, por favor — gracias	I'd like a coffee, please — thank you (café)
¿y tú, Teo? todo bien	and you, Teo? all good (casual, callback to Kike)
hola / buenos días / ¿qué tal? / chao	hi / good morning / how's it going? / bye (greetings & register)
me llamo… / soy… / soy de… / mi nombre es…	my name is… / I'm… / I'm from… / my name is (formal) — Register split, not different meanings: me llamo/soy are everyday, mi nombre es is the formal (usted) version.
cero–cien; ¿cuánto cuesta? / son… pesos	zero–hundred; how much is it? / that's… pesos
tengo… años	I'm … years old — Age stays with tener ('to have years'), never ser — a chunk worth over-learning before it opens into the full verb in L1.
¿qué es esto? es un/una…	what is this? it's a…
rojo/azul…	red/blue… (colours)
mi mamá, mi hermano	my mum, my brother
hay…	there is / there are…
me gusta…	I like…
¿dónde está…? está en…	where is…? it's in/on…