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ا  و  ي	the three long vowels: aa · oo · ee — These are LONG vowels (aa/oo/ee), held about twice as long as a short vowel. English does not use vowel length to change meaning, so learners clip them; here و is 'oo' (not 'w') and ي is 'ee' (not 'y') in their vowel role.
ب  ت  ث	one shape — the dots decide which letter — Same skeleton, different dots: 1 below = b, 2 above = t, 3 above = th. English speakers treat dots as decoration; in Arabic miscounting or misplacing them reads a different consonant and a different word.
قَلْب	heart  (deep Q from the back of the throat — NOT كَلْب kalb, a dog!) — Make the closure at the uvula (where a gargle starts), not at the soft palate where English 'k' sits. A velar /k/ here literally produces كَلْب kalb, 'a dog' — the whole point of the lesson's hook.
بَ  تَ  ثَ  نَ  يَ	the tooth letters with a fatḥa (short "a") — The little stroke above (fatḥa) is a SHORT 'a' like the vowel in 'cat', not the English letter-name — and it is obligatory: without a ḥaraka the consonant has no sound. English speakers tend to ignore the mark and drop the vowel.
ثَلاثُ نِقاط: ث	three dots: that makes it "thaa" — ث with three dots is the voiceless 'th' of 'think' (never the voiced 'th' of 'this' — that is a different letter, ذ). English speakers who default to 's' or 't' for it are misreading; the dot-count is what separates it from ت (taa) and ب (baa).
هٰذا حَرْفُ الياء.	This is the letter yāʾ.
بَ  بِ  بُ  بْ	ba · bi · bu · b(-) — fatḥa a · kasra i · ḍamma u · sukūn (no vowel) — Position = vowel: mark above = a (fatḥa), mark below = i (kasra), the little curl above = u (ḍamma), the small circle = no vowel (sukūn). Retrain the eye to check BELOW the letter, or every 'i' becomes an 'a'. The ḍamma is a short 'u' as in 'put' — do not read it as a 'w' just because it looks like a tiny wāw.
بَيْت	bayt — a house — The ي here carries a sukūn (no vowel), so it is the glide of the diphthong 'ay' — like English 'eye'/'bite' — not the long 'ee'. English speakers who read it 'beet' have missed the sukūn.
بِنْت	bint — a girl — This differs from بَيْت bayt by the vowel-mark (kasra 'i' below vs fatḥa 'a' above) plus one letter — concrete proof that skipping the ḥaraka destroys the word. Short 'i' as in 'bin'.
جَ  حَ  خَ	ja · ḥa · kha — one body, three dots-positions
حَ	ḥ = a breathy H forced from deep in the chest (not a plain "h", not "kh") — listen for it
خَ	kh = the scrape in Scottish "loch" — listen for it
لا أَفْهَم.  مَرَّة أُخْرى؟	laa AF-ham. MAR-ra UKH-raa — I don't understand. Again?
تين	teen — figs
بَيْتٌ جَميل	BAY-tun ja-MEEL — a beautiful house (sounded out slowly)
هٰذا حَرْف.  هٰذِهِ حَرَكة.	HAA-dhaa ḥarf. HAA-dhi-hi ḥa-RA-ka — This is a letter. This is a vowel-mark.
ا  د  ذ  ر  ز  و	alif · daal · dhaal · raa · zaay · waaw — the six that never join to the LEFT
باب  ·  دار	baab · daar — a door · a home (note the gap after the alif / daal)
وَرْد  ·  ذَهَب	ward · DHA-hab — roses · gold
س  ش	siin · shiin — s (as in sun) · sh (as in ship) — the dots decide
صَيْف  —  سار vs صار	ṣayf — summer (ṣ = a HEAVY, dark "s" — feel the vowel drop)
طالِب  ·  ظُهْر	ṬAA-lib · ẓuhr — a student · noon (ṭ, ẓ = the heavy t, the heavy dh)
ع  غ	ʿayn · ghayn — ʿ = a tight throat-catch · gh = a gargled French R
قَلْب  ≠  كَلْب	qalb ≠ kalb — heart (deep Q) ≠ a dog (plain K)
عَيْن  ·  قَلَم	ʿayn · QA-lam — an eye · a pen
ل  م  ه	laam · miim · haa — l · m · h (a soft, plain breath — not the chest-ḥ, not the scrape-kh)
مَرْحَبًا	MAR-ḥa-ban — hello
صَباحُ الخَيْر	ṣa-BAA-ḥul-KHAYR — good morning (lit. "morning of goodness")
هٰذا كِتاب.	HAA-dhaa ki-TAAB — This is a book.
القَمَر	al-QA-mar — the moon
مَرْحَبًا! هٰذا قَلَم.	MAR-ḥa-ban! HAA-dhaa QA-lam — Hello! This is a pen.
نور  ·  وَلَد	noor · WA-lad — light · a boy (و = long "oo" · و = the consonant "w")
بَيْت  ·  فيل	bayt · feel — a house (ي = "y") · an elephant (ي = long "ee")
كَتَبَ  ≠  كاتِب	KA-ta-ba ≠ KAA-tib — he wrote ≠ a writer (short "a" vs long "aa" — a different word!)
ء	hamza — a clean glottal stop — the catch in "uh-oh"
أَب  ·  أُمّ	ab · umm — father · mother (hamza seated on an alif)
ماء	maa — water (hamza on the line, after the long "aa")